Read history wise, this article records 100 historical allusions, from the period of the Yellow Emperor to the Southern Song Dynasty.
1. About 4,700 years ago, Xuanyuan (ie Huangdi) united with Yandi to defeat Chiyou of the Jiuli tribe. Chiyou’s captives were called “Limin”. After that, Huangdi defeated the Yandi tribe and became the leader of the tribal alliance in the Central Plains. Later generations hailed the Yellow Emperor as the ancestor of the Huaxia tribe. Because the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor are close relatives and fused together, we are also called “the descendants of Yan and Huang.”
2. Yao was the more famous leader of the tribal alliance after the Yellow Emperor. After Yao’s death, Shun suggested that the throne should be given to Yao’s son Danzhu. The princes did not worship Danzhu but worshiped Shun and promoted Shun as emperor. This kind of concession is historically called “concession”.
3. Gun’s son, Yu, used the methods of “opening, dredging, cutting, chiseling, and dipping” to control the water, and he was consigned by Shun to become the new leader of the tribal alliance.
4. Yu Chan gave the emperor the throne to Boyi, and Yu’s son took the throne and became the emperor, and established China’s first slavery country-Xia. Since then, the hereditary system has replaced the renunciation system.
5. The 16th-generation emperor of the Xia Dynasty “Jie” was a famous tyrant in history, and “Jie Qin Biao Yao” and “Unruly and Rebellious” came from this man.
6. “Tang” showed his benevolence by “opening one side of the net”, and won the support of the people of Li people. Later, he defeated Xia Jie and destroyed Xia Jianshang; Tang, also known as Cheng Tang, was a descendant of Qi (qi) in the Yao and Shun period.
7. “Yi Yin” was the founding hero of the Shang Dynasty and China’s first virtuous minister. He was regarded as a role model for ministers in history, and later assisted the three kings of “Wai Bing, Zhong Ren (ren) and Tai Jia” to govern. He wrote “Yi Xun”, “Wanming” and so on, with allusions of “Yiyin Prisoner (Taijia)”.
8. The earliest measurable oracle bone inscriptions in my country began in the Shang Dynasty.
9. Like Xia Jie, the thirtieth king of Shang Dynasty, Zhou is a typical tyrant. He is also called “Jie Zhou” in history. Zhou created penalties such as “paoluo” and “chai pond”, creating “deer terraces, wine ponds, and meat forests”, which would hurt the people and money, and slash people’s lives.
10. Ji Chang, later named Zhou Wenwang, implemented a benevolent government. There were great officials such as Tai Dian, Dr. Xin Jia, Hong (hong) Yao, San Yisheng, etc., who laid the foundation for destruction under the assistance of Jiang Shang (famous, word Ziya). The basis of Shang, according to legend, “Zhou Yi” was written by him, which represented the eight hexagrams as 64 hexagrams, and made hexagrams and dictions.
11. Yin and Shang “slander and use, loyalty and far-reaching chu (chu)”, Bigan was gouged, qi (qi) pretended to be crazy, trinity ran away, Zhou Wu king threw his army against the monk, slaves turned against him, the king deer set himself on fire, and treacherous officials were evil Come, Fei Zhong was beheaded, the Yin and Shang dynasties were destroyed, and the Zhou Dynasty was born. The king of Zhou Wu gave Jiang Shangzai to Qi, and Zhou Gongdan (the brother of King Wu) was in Lu. Later, there was an allusion of “Zhou Gong vomiting and feeding the world” .
12. Zhou Youwang’s daughter is hard to ask for his concubine (praise si) to laugh, and the beacon even pays a heavy price. The capital of the country, Haojing, was attacked by a dog, Zhou You was killed, and the Western Zhou Dynasty was destroyed. The prince ascended the throne and became the King of Zhou Ping.
13. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods in history: “Spring and Autumn” and “Warring States”. Qi Huangong, the first to dominate, together with the later Jin Wengong (Chong’er), Song Xianggong, Qin Mugong, and Chuzhuang King, was called the “Spring and Autumn Five Dominations” in history. (The other is: Qi Huan Gong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuang Wang, Wu Wang Helu, and Yue Wang Goujian)
14. “Guan Bao’s acquaintance” refers to the friendship between Guan Zhong and Bao Shuya, two wise ministers of Qi State and Qi Huan Gong during the Spring and Autumn Period.
15. “The good of Qin and Jin” refers to the fact that there were many intermarriages between the rulers of Qin and Jin during the Spring and Autumn Period. One of the most famous is that Qin Mugong helped Chong’er, the exiled son of the Jin country, who was in exile in Qin, returned to the country and became a monarch. He married his daughter Wen Ying (ying) to Chong’er, and achieved “the good of Qin and Jin”.
16. The tripod is a symbol of the power of the ancient state. The importance of the king of Chuzhuang’s aspiration to the tripod is meant to replace the Zhou family. “Ask for the Central Plains” originated from this.
17. Goujian, the king of Yue, tried his courage. After 22 years, he had avenged Wu and became the last hegemon in the Spring and Autumn Period.
18. Fan Li (li) is Goujian’s main counsel to achieve hegemony. He has followed Goujian for more than 20 years and worked hard. According to legend, Fan Li presented the beauty of Xi Shi to Wu Wang Fu Cha, so that she became more beautiful, and the more Wu was destroyed. After Gou Jian became an overlord, he respected him as a general. However, Fan Li believes that “it’s difficult to live long after a big name” and realizes that the King of Yue “can be in trouble with the same troubles and peace”, and retired to Taoyi to do business. He is known as “Tao Zhugong” and is known as “Tao Zhugong”. Enshrined as a protector.
19. “Three divisions of Jin”: In the Spring and Autumn Period, although Jin was strong in its forces, it was unable to unite its forces to rejuvenate its hegemony by “multiple politics”. After many years, it was divided by the “Han, Zhao, and Wei” and died.
20. Shang Yang’s reform: Shang Yang (yang), formerly known as Gongsun Yang, during the period of Qin Xiaogong, through reforms to make Qin stronger, but because of law enforcement, the prince (Qin Huiwen King) ascended the throne and used the punishment of car cracking (five horses to divide the body) Put it to death.
21. Sun Bin and Pang Juan were brothers in the same school, but Pang Juan was jealous of Sun Bin’s talents, offered slander to Emperor Wei, and excavated Sun Bin’s patella. Sun Bin pretended to be mad and was rescued by Qi State. Later, there was a story of “surrounding Wei and saving Zhao” In a battle, the design defeated Wei Jun and killed Pang Juan. “You must not have a heart to harm others, and you must not have a heart to defend yourself.” “If you do many injustices, you will die.” This is the enlightenment to future generations. Sun Bin authored “Sun Bin Art of War”.
22. The four great princes in the Warring States Period: Qi State Mengchang Jun Tianwen, Zhao Pingyuan Jun Zhao Sheng, Wei Guoxin Lingling Jun Wei Wuji, Chu State Chunshen Jun Huang Xie.
23. Since Qin Xiaogong, the powerful State of Qin has the ambition to unify the world, so the six kingdoms of “Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, and Wei” “jointly” against Qin, Qin’s adviser Zhang Yi “continuously” The disintegration of the alliance laid the foundation for the Qin State to unify China.
24. Qu Yuan was thrown into the river. Qu was originally named Ping, a nobleman of the royal family of Chu, a great poet, politician, thinker, and patriot of our country. He was exiled because of slander, and later because he could not bear to see the country (Chu) fall, on the fifth day of May. On this day, bouldering and self-investing in Mi Luojiang (mi), the people did not see the corpse in a boat. To prevent fish from encroaching, rice was poured into the river with bamboo tubes, which evolved into a dragon boat race and dumplings. Qu’s original works include “Li Sao”, “Tian Wen”, “Nine Chapters” and other patriotic poems, which have been sorted out by later generations as “The Songs of Chu” and have been passed down to this day.
25. Lin Xiangru returned to Zhao after completing his misfortune, Lian Po (po) asked Jing to be guilty.
26. Zhao Kuo talked about soldiers on paper: Qin attacked Zhao, the veteran Lianpo defended, Qin had no strategy, and later Qin made a plan of separation, transferred from Lianpo, Zhao Guo ordered Zhao Kuo to command the troops, this person only knows how to talk about soldiers on paper, and there is no actual combat. Yes, defeated by Qin General Baiqi, 400,000 Zhao soldiers, except for 240 young men, were killed in Changping, which became a major tragedy in history.
27. Mao Sui recommended himself: Mao Sui, Zhao Shengmeng, the king of the plains of Zhao State, persuaded Chu State to fight against Qin when Qin attacked Zhao State, and he was “exposed” and “stands out”. “Ying” refers to the handle of the awl.
28. King Xinling steals symbols to save Zhao: During the Warring States Period, the Qin State besieged Handan, the capital of Zhao. On the one hand, King Pingyuan merged with Chu (Mao Sui), and entrusted King Xinling to ask for help from King Wei, but King Wei was threatened by Qin. , Lord Xinling stole the soldier talisman, the false king of Wei ordered to send troops to rescue Zhao, and stayed in Zhao country after the incident.
29. Jing Ke assassinated the King of Qin: After the King of Qin was in power, he destroyed Han and Zhao and captured the Kingdom of Yan. The prince of the Kingdom of Yan sent the warrior Jing Ke to assassinate King Qin. “Seeing the poor and dagger”, the assassination failed and lost his life, but he was brave and witty The spirit of defying rape and seeing death as home will last forever.
30. The first emperor of Qin unified China: King Qin successively destroyed the six countries of Han, Zhao, Yan, Wei, Chu, and Qi Shandong, and realized the unification of China, and decided to adopt the title of emperor, calling himself “the first emperor”, and the first emperor of Qin established a set of feudal autocratic system Centralized rule was implemented, the local system of counties and counties was implemented, and the Prime Minister Li Si’s proposal was adopted to “same books with the same text and the same track”, unified currency, weights and measures; in order to resist the invasion of the Huns, built Lintao (tao) from the west to the east of Liaodong On the other hand, the Great Wall of China burned books and confessed, and implemented a policy of stupefying the people; the large-scale construction of civil engineering and excessive expropriation caused the people to lose their lives. The Qin Dynasty was overthrown by the peasant rebels shortly after his death.
31. Chen Sheng and Wu Guang Uprising: After Qin Shihuang’s death, his 18th son Hu Hai (hai) usurped the throne and proclaimed the emperor, Qin II. Under the instigation of the philosopher Zhao Gao (with the allusion of “deer as horse”), he changed his strength and continued to build Afang Palace. The people are not living, complaining. The army chiefs Chen Sheng and Wu Guang rose up, and all parts of the country responded and launched a vigorous anti-Qin peasant uprising.
32. Xiang Yu, king of the Western Chu Dynasty: After Chen Sheng and Wu Guang were killed, the anti-Qin force was the largest in the southern Huiji County. Its leader was the son of the Chu general Xiang Yan’s son Xiang Liang and his nephew Xiang Yu. The march northward included Liu Bang, Yingbu and Lu Chen. The anti-Qin armed forces, and in the battle of Julu, broke the cauldron and sunk the boat, defeated the main force of the Qin army in one fell swoop, and reversed the anti-Qin war.
33. Hongmen Banquet: The anti-Qin Yi army Liu Bang captured the capital of Qin Xianyang, the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, the Western Chu overlord Xiang Yu planned a Hongmen Banquet to eradicate Liu Bang from Fan Zeng’s plan, Liu Bang brought Zhang Liang and Fan Kuai to the banquet. Xiangzhuang’s sword dance was intended for Peigong, and Liu Bang was able to escape under the cover of Xiang Bo and Fan Kui.
34. Xiao Heyue chased Han Xin: Han Wang Liubang’s adviser Xiao He Yuexia recovered Han Xin and recommended Liu Bang as a general. Han Xin used the strategy of “Ming Xiu plank roads and dark Chen Cang” to capture the Three Qin Dynasty, occupy Guanzhong, and then assist Liu Bang to defeat Xiang Yu established the Han Dynasty. After Liu Bang became emperor, he used Han Xin to hide Xiang Yu’s subordinates and demoted him. Later, Xiao He and Lu Hou (Liu Bang’s wife) planned to execute Han Xin, saying: “Success is also Xiao He, failure is Xiao He!”
35. Farewell My Concubine: Liu Bang took advantage of Xiang Yu’s dispatch and attacked Pengcheng, the capital of Xiang Yu, from Hanzhong. Xiang Yu returned to attack and defeated the Han army. He captured Liu Taigong and Lu Zhi (zhi), Liu Bang asked for peace, and Fan Zeng did not allow. Liu Bang used a counter-partition to separate Fan Zeng, and then used Han Xin’s ten-sided ambush plan to trap Xiang Yu under gai. Xiang Yu’s beloved wife, Yu Ji, sang “Han”. The soldiers are already in the ground, singing on all sides, the king is full of spirits, the cheap concubine He Liaosheng “draws his sword and kills himself, the generation of famous Jixiang disappears. Xiang Yu retired to Wujiang, Wujiang Pavilion chief persuaded him to retreat to Jiangdong to become king. Xiang Yu had no face and saw Jiangdong’s elders, and he drew his sword on the Wujiang River. “Life is regarded as a hero, and death is also a ghost.” The Overlord of Western Chu ended his life in this way. .
36. Lu’s Rebellion: Lu’s Pheasant, Liu Bang’s wife, his son Liu Ying ascended the throne, Lu’s came to power and entered the Lu Hou era, Lv Hou was sinister, vicious, cruel and ruthless, cruelly ruthless to the Liu family and wanted to general Liu’s world was changed to Lv’s world. Among them, Liu Bang’s concubine wife Qi was cut off hands and feet, dug out his eyes, deaf ears, and dumbed his throat, and threw it into the pigsty to make a “zhi”. The Lu family was in power for 16 years. After his death, the Liu family forces eliminated the Lu family power, welcomed Liu Bang’s son Liu Heng as emperor, and restored the Liu family’s rule. However, the Lu family inherited the policy of “rest with the people, rule by inaction, and peace with the outside world” initiated by Han Gaozu, which is worthy of recognition in history.
37. Parachutist Li Guang: A fierce general in the Han Dynasty, he fought against the Xiongnu throughout his life and won the reputation of a parachutist. Later, he lost his way in the Battle of Mobei and failed to participate in the war. There is a poem by Tang poet Wang Changling: “Qin Shiming Moon and Han Shiguan, Wanli Long March people have not returned. But the Dragon City Fei Jiang will not teach Huma Du Yinshan.” Longcheng Fei Jiang said Li Guang.
38. Wei Qing and Huo Qubing: Both were generals who resisted the Huns in the Western Han Dynasty. “The Huns are not destroyed, and there is no home for them” is the portrayal of Huo Qubing’s life. Huo Qubing was only 23 years old.
39. Zhang Qian’s access to the Western Regions: In the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian was the first influential envoy of foreign friendship in history. He made his second mission to the Western Regions and made great contributions to the development of the Silk Road.
40. Sima Qian wrote “Historical Records”: In the Western Han Dynasty, Sima Qian wrote “Taishi Gongji” (“Historical Records”) in accordance with his father’s will. He was punished by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty with “corruption” for begging for general Li Ling, and survived with humiliation. : “A person is inherently dead, or heavier than Mount Tai, or lighter than a feather”. After 6 years of release, he worked hard to write and finally completed the “Records of the History”. It took more than 10 years and has a total of 130 volumes. It is China’s first general history of chronological biography. “Historical Records” was praised by Lu Xun as: the swan song of the historian, the lisao without rhyme.
41. Zhaojun came out of the fortress: Wang Zhaojun, a maid of the time of Emperor Han Yuan, named Wang Qiang (qiang), with the word Zhaojun, was vilified because he did not bribe the painter Mao Yanshou and was not favored. The Later Han Dynasty married the Huns and married the Huns Shanyu. On the way out of the fortress, because of the sorrows and the beauty of the people, the geese flew south to stop, so they were called “fallen geese”. After the marriage, the Huns and the Han Dynasty lived in harmony for more than 60 years, and Wang Zhaojun became a symbol of national unity.
42. Wang Mang’s restructuring: Wang Mang was the nephew of the empress dowager, the mother of Emperor Cheng of the Han Dynasty, and Da Sima in the late Western Han Dynasty. In 8 AD, Wang Mang usurped the Han throne and proclaimed himself emperor, changed his country’s name to “new”, and carried out a series of reforms without success. In 25 AD, Liu Xiu, a son of Han Zong family, overthrew Wang Mang’s new dynasty and established the Eastern Han Dynasty.
43. Ma Yuan should be strong when old: Eastern Han Dynasty general Ma Yuan once said: “A man who is determined to be poor is to be strong, and when he is old to be strong.” “A man should die in the wild, and his ears shall be buried in horse leather.” It used “piles of rice as a mountain”. Analyzing the battle situation is also a pioneering work in the history of war.
44. Ban Chao abandoned his pen to join the army: Ban Chao was the second great explorer in Chinese history. He knew the military and had courage. At the age of 40, he went to the Western Regions and returned to Luoyang at the age of 71. After 31 years, more than 50 countries including Shanshan, Yutian and Qiuci of the Western Regions were once again under the rule of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
45. Dang Yong (gu) incident: During the Eastern Han Dynasty Emperor Huan, the bureaucratic group headed by Li Ying (ying) and Chen Fan formed cronies with the Tai students headed by Guo Tai, attacking the dark rule of the eunuch. Officials relied on the imperial power to persecute the party members twice. It is said in history: “The curse of the party”, time flies (ren), and the party members’ integrity of “killing one’s body to become benevolent” has been praised by the literati of the past.
46. ​​The Yellow Turban Army Uprising: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the two groups of officials and relatives alternated dictatorships. The society was turbulent and the people were displaced. Zhang Jiao, a native of Julu in Ji (ji) prefecture, put forward the slogan “The sky is dead, the yellow sky will stand, the age is in Jiazi, the world will be auspicious”, and a large-scale peasant uprising was held, and the army was called “Yellow Turban”. The uprising” was later suppressed by the army, and the rest of the army was rioted for more than 20 years, making the Eastern Han Dynasty dying.
47. Dong Zhuo’s monopoly: After the Yellow Turban Uprising, in the name of suppressing the Yellow Turban, the powerful in various places recruited troops, expanded their strength, and seized one side. Liangzhou warlord Dong Zhuo went to Beijing to station in the name of eradicating eunuchs, abolished the young emperor, established Chen Liuwang Liu Xie as emperor (Han Xiandi), Dong Zhuo proclaimed himself the state of the country, and took power. Xiao (xiao) rides the school lieutenant Cao Cao, contacts Yuan Shao of Jizhou, gathers the people from all states and counties, chooses Yuan Shao as the leader, and marches into Luoyang. Dong Zhuo learned that he moved the capital to Chang’an and burned down Luoyang City.
48. Yuan Shao killed the eunuchs: In the late Eastern Han Dynasty, the eunuchs were in power. General He Jinzhao, the former general Dong Zhuo, came to Beijing to assist in killing the eunuchs, but he was murdered by the eunuchs. Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu led troops into the palace and murdered more than two thousand eunuchs. The eunuch Zhang Rang Duan Gui (gui) flees with the emperor and is forced to throw himself into the water.
49. Wang Yunqiao punishes Dong Zhuo: Dong Zhuo takes the emperor to dominate and develops to the point that “Dong Zhuo will not be eliminated, and the country will have no peace.” Sima Wangyun promised his righteous daughter Diao Chan to Lu Bu and Dong Zhuo (righteous father-son relationship) at the same time. , And instigated Lu Bu to kill Dong Zhuo. (There is no record of Diao Chan in the official history, except that Lu Bu and Dong Zhuo’s concubine had an affair, and the two eventually turned against each other)
50. Taking the emperor to order the princes: Wang Yun decided to punish Dong Zhuo, and was in charge of the government. Dong Zhuo’s army captured Guo Bang (si) and the army captured Chang’an, Lu Bu fled, Wang Yun was killed, Guo Bang was in power, the uncle Dong Cheng and the general Yang Feng Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty fled and was taken by Cao Cao to Xuchang as his capital. Cao Cao proclaimed himself a general and began to “take the emperor to order the princes”.
51. The Battle of Guandu: Cao Cao “took the emperor in order to make the princes” conflict with Yuan Shao in the north. In 200 AD, Yuan Shao sent an army of 100,000 to march. First, general Yan Liang was killed by Guan Yu who temporarily surrendered to Cao Cao, and Wen Chou was also in the rebellion. Was beheaded in the middle, forming the Guandu confrontation. Yuan Shao’s counselor Xu You (you) offered a plan that was not adopted, and his family was arrested, Yuan was cast to Cao, and Yuan Shao Liangying was burned to Cao Cao. Yuan Shao defeated Yuan Shao in World War I, and Yuan Shao died angrily two years later. The battle of Guandu was a famous battle in history where less was defeated. Then Cao Cao eliminated the remnants of Yuan Shao and unified the north.
52. Hua Tuo: At the end of the Han Dynasty, it was noted that a medical scientist was particularly skilled in surgery, and for the first time general anesthesia (Jiufu Mafei San) was applied to surgery. And imitating the “tiger, deer, bear, ape, bird” 5 kinds of animals and created the “Five Animals Show”.
53. Three visits to thatched cottage: Yuan Shao was defeated, Liu Bei turned to Liu Biao, stationed in Xinye Xiaoxian, and visited Mr. Sima Hui (hui) of Xiangyang Shuijing. Knowing: Wolong and Fengchu, two people, have a peace of mind. “Wolong” Zhuge Liang, whose name is Kongming and Liu Beisan visited Longzhong in Xiangyang, seeking Zhugeliang’s assistance from the mountain, and in accordance with the strategy of “Longzhong Pairs”: “East unites Sun Wu, west against Jingyi, south against Yiyue, north against Cao Cao” , Achieved one-third of the world’s great cause.
54. The Battle of Chibi: Cao Cao wiped out Yuan Shao and unified the north. He wanted to go south to wipe out Liu Biao and Jiangdong Sun Quan. Liu Biao died, his second son Liu Cong (cong) succeeded to the throne and handed down the table to Cao Cao. Liu Bei received the enemy on his back and withdrew to Jiangling. Chang Banpo caught up. Fortunately, Zhao Yun and Zhang Fei worked hard to escape and retreated to Jiang Xia and Liu Qi. At the same time, Sun Quan received a message from Cao Cao and persuaded him to surrender. Lu Su offered plans to join Liu Bei to fight against Cao, and Zhou Yu was the governor of the city. , Cheng Pu is the deputy governor, Lu Su is the lieutenant of the Zan army, leading 50,000 Chibi to fight against Cao Cao. Because northern soldiers were not familiar with water warfare, Cao Cao used Pang Tong’s strategy to connect the warships together. The Sun and Liu Alliance set up countermeasures (Jiang Qianzhong’s plan) and bitter flesh plan (Zhou Yu’s fight against Huang Gai), and skillfully took advantage of the east wind to burn the company camp. Cao Cao was defeated. Take the Huarong Road, be released by Guan Yu (Cao Cao has a life-saving grace for Guan Yu), and escape back to Jiangling. The Battle of Chibi laid the foundation for the three kingdoms. (Note: From “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”, non-official history)
55. Kong Ming cleverly took Jingxiang: After Zhou Yu defeated Cao Cao in Chibi, Zhuge Liang took advantage of Zhou Yu and Cao Ren’s tactics to deal with the situation, and used sub-strategies, and the soldiers did not bloody swords, and cleverly seized Nanjun, Jingzhou and Xiangyang. Liu Bei was widowed and Zhou Yu made a living. Using Sun Quan’s sister to recruit Liu Bei, he wanted to trick Liu Bei into Nanxu in exchange for Jingzhou. Liu Bei and Zhao Yun arrived as scheduled, and with the help of Zhuge Liang’s three tips, he took his wife back to Jingzhou safely. The so-called “Zhou Lang planned to settle the world, lost his wife and broke down.” (Note: From “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms”, non-official history)
56. Jian’an Seven Sons: In the Cao Cao ruling group, Jian’an Seven Sons: Kong Rong, Chen Lin, Wang Can (can), Xu Gan (gan), Ruan Yu (yu), Ying Yan (yang), Liu Zhen (zhen) dominate Literary development.
57. In January 220 AD, Cao Cao, a statesman, military strategist, and poet died of illness in Luoyang. In October, Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, established Wei, and the Eastern Han Dynasty perished.
58. In 221 AD, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor in Chengdu.
59. Guan Yu lost Jingzhou because of carelessness. In 222 AD, Liu Bei sent troops to the Three Gorges and attacked Soochow in order to recapture Jingzhou and avenge Guan Yu. He was defeated by Lu Xun at the Xiaoting Pavilion in Yiling and died the following year.
60. Since the 5th year of the founding of the Shu Han Dynasty, Zhuge Liang wrote a letter to the latter master Liu Chan (shan), who sent troops to the north for six times, and was called “six out of Qishan” in history. During the last Northern Expedition, to Wuzhangyuan, he was finally exhausted (cui) and died at the age of 54. Although he did not realize his desire to reunify the Central Plains, his wisdom and character were immortal, and he truly “has devoted himself to the consolidation and development of the Shuhan, and died after death.”
61. In 229 AD, Sun Quan proclaimed the emperor in Wuchang, the country was named Wu, and the capital was moved to establish a business. At this point, the “three kingdoms” situation was formally formed.
62. In 249 AD, Sima Yi launched the “Gao Ping Ling Incident” to kill Cao Shuang, He Yan (yan), etc., and the Sima clan now had power over Wei.
63. The heart of Sima Zhao is known to passers-by: Cao Mao (mao), the grandson of Cao Pi, in 260 AD, due to the increasing power of Sima Zhao, endangering the throne, claiming that Sima Zhao replaced the heart of Wei, passers-by know, rate the guards and boy servants in the palace against Sima Zhao Weiguo was killed; after Cao Mao’s death, Sima Zhaoli Cao Huan (huan) became the emperor, that is, Emperor Wei Yuan, and took power by himself.
64. The Three Kingdoms Returned to Jin: Sima Zhaoli set up Emperor Wei and Yuan to attack the Shu Han. Liu Chan, the queen of Shu Han, was utterly stupefied and could not help the emperor. Under the instigation of the treacherous eunuch Huang Hao (hao), he surrendered. The Shuhan regime created by Liu Bei and Zhuge Liang’s hard work has since perished. Soon after the fall of the Shuhan, Sima Zhao died of illness. His son Sima Yan abolished Emperor Wei and Yuan and established himself as Emperor Wu of Jin, establishing the Jin Dynasty. In 279 AD, the three kingdoms returned to Jin and the whole country was unified.
65. In 290 AD, Emperor Wu of Jin was seriously ill, and the mentally retarded prince Sima Zhong came to the throne. He became Emperor Hui of Jin, and Queen Jia Nanfeng (Hou Jia) of Emperor Hui of Jin was sinister and vicious. He successively eliminated Runan King Sima Liang and Chu King Sima Wei (wei) After the abolition of the prince (later poisoned), Sima Lun of Zhao and Sima Lun of Qi of Qi abolished Jia, Sima Lun proclaimed himself emperor, and then the princes fought for the throne, including: Sima Lun of Zhao and Sima of Qi囧, Chengdu Wang Sima Ying, Hejian Wang Sima Yong (yong), Changsha Wang Sima Yi (yi), East China Sea King Sima Yue, plus Runan King Sima Liang and Chu King Sima Wei who were killed by Queen Jia, they were called in history The “Eight Kings Rebellion” lasted for 16 years. Sima Yue, king of the East China Sea, was left alone. Sima Yue poisoned Emperor Hui of Jin to death. Sima Chi (chi) was made emperor, namely Emperor Huai of Jin, and the Western Jin Dynasty declined from then on.
66. In 308 AD, the Huns, Liu Yuan, proclaimed the emperor, the country was named Han, and the Sixteen Kingdoms began. In 316 AD, the Han army aggressively attacked Chang’an, the capital of the Western Jin Dynasty, and the Emperor Jin Min went naked and drove out of the city in a sheep cart to surrender. The Western Jin Dynasty was destroyed. In the following year, Sima Rui (rui), the nephew of East China Sea King Sima Yue, was formally proclaimed emperor in the south Jianye, and he was the Emperor of Jin Yuan. He established the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He was appointed as the prime minister and governed the government together. In fact, “the king and the horse share the world”, Sima Rui also died of depression due to his dissatisfaction with the “kingdom and horse sharing the world”.
67. The Sixteen Kingdoms: Since Liu Yuan’s post-Han period, some ethnic groups in the north have successively established many countries, called the “Sixteen Kingdoms” in history, and the south was ruled by the Eastern Jin Dynasty. The Sixteen Kingdoms and the Eastern Jin Dynasty have been side by side for more than a hundred years.
68. Southern and Northern Dynasties: In 420 AD, the Eastern Jin general Liu Yu ascended to the throne, the country was named “Song”, ruled the south, Emperor Gong of the Jin abdicated, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty perished; the following year Liu Yu poisoned Emperor Gong of the Jin and set a precedent for killing “recessors”. The Northern Wei Dynasty in the north destroyed several small countries in the north and ended the division of the Sixteen Kingdoms, and unified the north in 439 AD. The Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in the south and the Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi, and Northern Zhou in the north ruled the world, standing side by side for more than a hundred years. In history, this period was called the “Southern and Northern Dynasties.”
69. The scientific master Zu Chongzhi was an outstanding mathematician, astronomer and machine builder during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The “Da Ming Calendar” created by him determined that a year is 365.2428 days (only 50 seconds away from modern science), which opened a new era in calendar history; Zu Chongzhi was the first scientist in the world to calculate the value of Pi to more than 7 digits; Zu Chongzhi and his son also solved the calculation of the volume of the sphere, which later generations called the “Zu’s Principle”. He died in 500 AD at the age of 72.
70. The Battle of Feishui: During the period of the Sixteen Kingdoms, the former Qin Fu (fu) made a crusade against the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and its vanguard troops were defeated by the Jin Army. The two armies of the Qin and Jin Dynasties faced off against Feishui. The Jin army asked the Qin army to retreat in order to cross the river to make a decisive victory. When the Qin army retreated, someone in the Qin army screamed: Qin army is defeated, the Qin army is in chaos. Those who were lucky enough to escape lost their helmets and abandoned their armors, and even heard the “Sound of Wind Crane (li)” thinking that the Jin army had arrived. This is the famous “Battle of Feishui” in history.
71. Gu Kaizhi: A representative figure of outstanding painting in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, he was an early painting theorist in my country, and his representative work “Roman Futu”.
72. In 581 AD, Yang Jian annihilated the Northern Zhou Dynasty and proclaimed himself emperor. He was named Emperor Sui and was Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty. He established the capital Chang’an. After Yang Jian ascended the throne, he stabilized his regime by “thrifty” and “killing corrupt officials”, and then carried out a series of reforms. The greatest achievement was the abolition of the nine-grade Zhongzheng system since Cao Wei and the creation of the imperial examination system. In 587 AD, Emperor Wen of Sui sent his troops to the south and eliminated the last dynasty of the Southern Dynasty, the “Chen Dynasty”, unified China, and ended the 270-year split (Eastern Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties).
73. In 604 AD, Yang Guang, the second son of Yang Jian, seized the throne for Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty. In 617 AD, Li Yuan stayed in Taiyuan, Jinyang, attacked the Sui Dynasty and attacked Chang’an. Wang You (you) became the emperor. In March 618 AD, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was killed in Jiangdu by General Youtunwei “Yu Wenhuaji”. In May, Li Yuan abolished Emperor Gong Yu of the Sui Dynasty in Chang’an and proclaimed himself emperor. The Sui Dynasty fell.
74. The change of Xuanwumen: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan had four sons: the third son Xuanba died early, the eldest son Prince Jiancheng, the second son Qin Wang Shimin, and the fourth son Qi Wang Yuanji. The eldest son Jiancheng and the fourth son Yuanji repeatedly designed the murder of Li Shimin because he was afraid of Li Shimin’s influence. In 626 AD, Li Shimin abused the Xuanwumen, killed the prince Jiancheng, and the king of Qi Yuanji. The emperor made Li Shimin the crown prince. “, reign, “Zhen Guan”.
75. Fang Mou Du Duan: Refers to the two powerful prime ministers of Tang Taizong, Fang Xuanling and Du Ruhui, Fang Xuanling is good at strategy, Du Ruhui can judge major events, and the two cooperate with him to assist Tang Taizong. Tang Taizong regards him as his right-hand man. .
76. In 641 AD, Princess Wencheng made peace with Songtsen Gambo of the Tubo (bo) dynasty, contributing to strengthening the friendship between the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups.
77. Xuan Zang (zang) Journey to the West to Collect Sutras: In 627 AD, Xuanzang went west alone to obtain sutras. He traveled through 110 countries and reached the holy land of Buddhism-Tianzhu. He returned to Chang’an in 645 AD. It took 18 years and brought back more than 600 Buddhist scriptures. “Da Tang Western Regions”.
78. In May 649, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty died of illness, and Emperor Taizong’s nine son Li Zhi (Tang Gaozong) ascended the throne. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, “yan (yan) Wuxiuwen” enabled the people to live and work in peace and contentment, with cultural prosperity and national power. Rule”.
79. Empress Wu Zetian: In 655 AD, Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty abolished the Wang clan and established Wu Zetian as the queen. Since then, the Wu clan has taken over the power of the inner palace. In 674, Wu Zetian and Gaozong went to power. In 674, Wu Zetian and Gaozong were in the same hall to listen to politics. They were called the “Two Saints” in the world. In 683 AD, Gaozong died. Wu Zetian’s third son, Li Xian, was the emperor. The empress dowager came to the court to listen to politics. The following year, Empress Wu abolished Zhongzong and changed her title to King Luling, and named her fourth son Li Dan as emperor, Ruizong. In 690 AD, Wu Zetian boarded the Great Treasure under “Shang Zun Tian Shi” and “obedience to the consensus”. He changed the Tang to “Zhou” and called himself “Holy Emperor”. After Wu Zetian became emperor, he opened the imperial examinations, employed people in an unusual way, and rewarded him. Agricultural mulberry develops economy, knows people, knows people, and accepts admonitions. During the half-century when he was in charge of state affairs, social stability and economic development laid the foundation for the later “New Century”.
80. Please Jun into the urn (weng): After Wu Zetian proclaimed the emperor and put down Xu Jingye’s rebellion, in order to get rid of the Tang Dynasty clan and ministers who opposed her, inform the people of the country and inform the informants. The informants can become officials. As a result, a group of people who started from whistleblowers appeared. Among them, Suo Yuanli, Zhou Xing, and Lai Junchen were typical examples. The three were tortured to extract confessions and used cruel methods to kill many innocent people. Later, someone told Zhou Xing to rebel. Junchen “invite the king into the urn” to convict him, Zhou Xing was assassinated on the way to exile; Suo Yuanli was executed by Wu Zetian for harming too many people and too much public outrage; Lai Junchen planned to murder the powerful Wu Zetian nephew Wu Sansi and Taiping at that time The princess was preempted by the latter to expose the old bottom, and was also executed by Wu Zetian.
81. Di Renjie is full of peaches and plums: Wu Zetian trusts and respects Di Renjie very much. He relies on his decision in everything and is honored as the “old man of the country”. Di Renjie recommended many people to Wu Zetian, and later became a famous official in the Tang Dynasty, including the prime minister Zhang Jianzhi. The capable ministers who govern the world all come from Di Renjie’s sect, so they are called “the world is full of peaches and plums”.
82. In 705 AD, Wu Zetian was seriously ill. Prime Minister Zhang Jianzhi and others staged a coup, killing Wu Zetian’s first Zhang Yizhi and Zhang Zhongchang, and Tang Zhongzong Li Xian was restored to the state, and Wu Zetian died in November.
83. After Tang Zhongzong was restored, let his wife Wei Hou be in power. In 710, after Zhongzong’s death, Tang Ruizong’s son Li Longji raised his army to kill Wei and brought his father Ruizong back to life. Two years later, Ruizong passed the throne to Li Longji. It is “Tang Xuanzong”. Under the assistance of the prime ministers “Yao Chong and Song Jing”, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty, with effective administration and orderly discipline, reappeared the “world under Dali” ZTE situation, which was called “the prosperous age” in history. It was later destroyed by the traitor Li Linfu (fu) and Yang Guozhong (the brother of Yang Yuhuan’s family).
84. In 713 AD, the daughter of Emperor Gaozong (born after Wu), Princess Taiping was given to death by Emperor Xuanzong for rebellion, and all her party members and sons were punishable. Dou Huaizhen, a fellow party, was renamed “Poison” and Wang Jin changed her surname to “Li”. as punishment. The eunuch Gao Lishi was exceptionally promoted for his meritorious deeds, and the eunuch’s prosperity began.
85. In 718 AD, Japan sent an envoy to China and was received by Emperor Tang and received a large number of court clothes. The following year, the emperor of Japan ordered that the whole country imitated clothes in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which became the foundation of kimono.
86. In 713 AD, Abe Nakamaro, a Japanese student studying abroad, came to China with the Tang delegation, was admitted as a Jinshi, and served as an official in the Tang Dynasty government. Tang Xuanzong gave his name: Chao Heng. During the same period, the monk Jianzhen of the Tang Dynasty traveled east to Japan and spread the rich Chinese culture to Japan. The two messengers of Sino-Japanese friendship eventually died away from home.
87. Li Bai and Du Fu are the most outstanding poets in history. Li Bai, whose word is Taibai, is called “the fairy of poetry”, is the greatest romantic poet after Qu Yuan; Du Fu, whose word is Zimei, is called “poetry” by later generations. Saint” is a great realist poet. In 744 AD, two literary masters met in Luoyang, which became a historical story. Wen Yiduo once compared the encounter between the two to the encounter between the sun and the moon.
88. Anshi Rebellion: In the later period of Emperor Xuanzong’s reign, Fan Yang Jiedu made An Lushan rise up in Fanyang and captured Luoyang in the name of crusade against Yang Guozhong. Anlushan became the emperor by himself and named Emperor Dayan. Later, Anlushan was taken by his son An Qingxu. To kill, Tang Jun took the opportunity to recover Chang’an and Luoyang. Soon after, Shi Siming, a subordinate of Anlu Mountain, captured Luoyang again, also known as Emperor Dayan, and was later killed by his son Shi Chaoyi. This rebellion lasted for 8 years and was called the “Anshi Rebellion” in history. It was also a turning point from prosperity to decline.
89. Concubine Yang, with a small character Yuhuan, “Pretty Crown Generation”, one of the four great beauties in ancient China, was registered as a noble concubine by Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang dynasty in 745, and was deeply loved. An Lushan rebellion captured Tongguan. Tang Xuanzong took Yang Guifei and fled Chang’an to Mawei (wei) station, where the soldiers killed Yang Guozhong, the traitor, and Xuanzong was forced to hang and kill Yang Guifei. He died at the age of 38.
90. Two famous calligraphers in the Tang Dynasty: Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan. Later generations also called “Yan Jin Liu Bone” to describe the style of calligraphy.
91. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, in 875 AD, Wang Xianzhi rebelled and claimed to be the “Tianbu average general”. Huang Chao led the crowd to respond. In 880, the Huang Chao rebels captured Chang’an, Tang Xi Zong fled south, Huang Chao proclaimed the emperor, and changed his name to Daqi. In 884 AD, Tang Li Keyong and Zhu Quanzhong defeated the Huang Chao Rebels, and Huang Chao committed suicide in Langhu Valley. The uprising failed, and the Tang Dynasty quickly declined.
92. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, after the melee of vassal and townships, the dictatorship of officials and officials, the struggle between friends and the peasant uprising, the Tang dynasty was in a precarious state. It was destroyed by Zhu Quanzhong (Zhu Wen) in 907. The Tang Dynasty founded by Tang Gaozu Li Yuan The foundation of 300 years (618-907 AD) withdrew from the stage of history.
93. In the 53 years after the fall of the Tang Dynasty (907 to 960 AD), China has successively undergone the changes of the Later Liang, Later Tang, Later Jin, Later Han, and Later Friday dynasties. After 960 AD, the “check” (post The name, equivalent to the commander of the imperial army, Zhao Kuangyin (yin) launched a mutiny in Chenqiaoyi, “adding the yellow robe, praying for long live”, seizing the Zhou regime, ascending the emperor, and establishing the Song Dynasty. It was Emperor Taizu of Song and the capital Kaifeng.
94. Li Yu (yu), the post-master of the Southern Tang Dynasty, is a famous poetry writer in history. His poetry after the death of his country is excellent. The most famous one is “Poppy Poppies” “When is the Spring Flower and Autumn Moon? How much do you know about the past! Xiaolou last night There is another east wind, so the country is unbearable to look back at the middle of the moon. The carved columns and jade masonry should still be there, but Zhu Yanchang. Ask you how worried you can be? Just like a river of spring water flowing eastward.”
95. Song Taizu Cup Jiu release military power: In order to consolidate his dominance, Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin “cup wine release military power”, lifted the military power of the Forbidden Army General Shi Shouxin and Wang Shenqi, and soon dismissed the Jidu envoy of a feudal town in the same way. , Strengthened centralization.
96. Kou Zhun resisted Liao: Kou Zhun was a famous prime minister in the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Song Taizong period, he entered the dynasty and was demoted because of his integrity. After Song Zhenzong ascended the throne, he was again used as prime minister. Made a great contribution to the Northern Song Dynasty against Liao. In 1004, the Khitan marched south to attack the Song Dynasty and moved to Chanzhou. Kou Zhun advocated Song Zhenzong’s personal conquest and defeated the Qidan striker. The two sides negotiated a peace and formed the “Chanzhou Alliance”.
97. Wang Anshi: a famous statesman and writer in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the third year of Song Jiayou (1058), Wang Anshi gave a letter of ten thousand words to Song Renzong. It was called “Emperor Renzong’s Words and Events”. It advocated reform and was not adopted by Renzong. The results. In 1085, Shenzong died of illness, the old school was in power, and the new law was abolished. Wang Anshi has written many books throughout his life, and is one of the eight great masters of Tang and Song essays.
98. The Shame of Jingkang: In the first year of Jingkang (1126 AD), the Jin Soldiers invaded the south again, captured Taiyuan, and approached Bianjing, the capital of Jingkang. Emperor Huizong and Qinzong were captured by the Jinmen, and the Northern Song Dynasty was destroyed. It was called “the shame of Jingkang”. In 1127 AD, Emperor Kang Zhaogou, the nine sons of Huizong, ascended the throne in Lin’an (Nanjing) and became Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty began.
99. Yue Fei: a famous general in the Southern Song Dynasty. In 1126 AD, he began his military career against Jin Weiguo. In 1140, the gold men backed their alliance and invaded the south. Yue Fei, Han Shizhong, and Zhang Jun led the Song army to resist. In the battle of Yan (Yan) city, Yue Fei broke the Jinwu technique “the kidnapper horse”. “, defeated the Golden Army, when Yue Fei pursued the victory and regained the lost ground, he was recalled by Song Ting, “Ten years of work will be destroyed!”
100. In 1271, Mongolia was founded with the name of Yuan, and in 1276, it captured Lin’an (now Hangzhou), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured the 5-year-old Southern Song Emperor Gongzong. Later, the Southern Song restoration forces Lu Xiufu, Wen Tianxiang and others successively supported it. Two young emperors (Duanzong, Youzhu) established a small imperial court. The Yuan army pursued the little emperor. After the failure of the Yashan naval battle, the desperate Southern Song Dynasty finally perished on March 19, 1279 when Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea under the eight-year-old emperor.